Techniques to couple harq-arq in wireless networks

ABSTRACT

An embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus, comprising a transceiver adapted to reduce ARQ overhead by coupling HARQ and ARQ feedback signaling and defining different HARQ burst regions that enable different regions to use different HARQ feedback configurations based on channel quality or QoS requirements.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/690,230 filed Mar. 23, 2007, entitled, “TECHNIQUES TO COUPLE HARQ-ARQIN WIRELESS NETWORKS,” which is a Continuation of Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/854,541, filed Oct. 25, 2006, entitled“TECHNIQUES TO COUPLE HARQ-ARQ IN WIRELESS NETWORKS,” of which theseapplications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The performance of typical Internet applications like TCP, VoIP etc.suffers from the unreliable wireless communications. It has been shownthat one can achieve significant performance gain by improving thecommunication reliability at PHY and link layer.

Thus, a strong need exists for techniques to couple HARQ-ARQ in wirelessnetworks to improve communication reliability at the PHY and link layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed outand distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification.The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation,together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following detailed description when readwith the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a 3GPP LTE PHY/MAC reference model (downlink) in an embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 2 depicts a redundant ARQ and HARQ retransmission at a transmitterin accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 depicts the coupling HARQ and ARQ ACK/NACK in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates the mapping between ARQ BSN and HARQ channels (ACID)in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates how different DL HARQ bursts can be arranged alongwith different configurations in UL HARQ ACK in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates the BS initiated adjusting UL HARQ feedback channelconfiguration, when detecting a poor HARQ ACK channel quality inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates the UL HARQ feedback channel reconfigurationinitiated by MSS ARQ NACK in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates DL HARQ feedback IE reconfiguration by setting theextra bit to inform any NACK→ACK and ACK→NACK errors in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates reliable DL transmission of single packet by pollingARQ ACK in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates reliable UL transmissions for a single packet wherea base station (BS) triggers ARQ NACK and polls bandwidth request fromMSS for retransmission in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention; and

FIG. 11 illustrates ARQ buffer management in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration,elements illustrated in the figures have not necessarily been drawn toscale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements areexaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, whereconsidered appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among thefigures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention.However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that thepresent invention may be practiced without these specific details. Inother instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuitshave not been described in detail so as not to obscure the presentinvention.

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention.However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the artthat the invention may be practiced without these specific details. Inother instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, unitsand/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscurethe invention.

Embodiments of the invention may be used in a variety of applications.Some embodiments of the invention may be used in conjunction withvarious devices and systems, for example, a transmitter, a receiver, atransceiver, a transmitter-receiver, a wireless communication station, awireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP), a modem, awireless modem, a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobilecomputer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, aserver computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a PersonalDigital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, a network, awireless network, a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), aMetropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Wireless MAN (WMAN), a Wide AreaNetwork (WAN), a Wireless WAN (WWAN), devices and/or networks operatingin accordance with existing IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11e,802.11g, 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11n, 802.16, 802.16d, 802.16e standardsand/or future versions and/or derivatives and/or Long Term Evolution(LTE) of the above standards, a Personal Area Network (PAN), a WirelessPAN (WPAN), units and/or devices which are part of the above WLAN and/orPAN and/or WPAN networks, one way and/or two-way radio communicationsystems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a cellulartelephone, a wireless telephone, a Personal Communication Systems (PCS)device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device,a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a SingleInput Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a Multiple InputSingle Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a Multi Receiver Chain (MRC)transceiver or device, a transceiver or device having “smart antenna”technology or multiple antenna technology, or the like. Some embodimentsof the invention may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, RadioFrequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM),Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-DivisionMultiple Access (TDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet RadioService (GPRS), Extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA),Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM),Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, ZigBee™, or the like. Embodimentsof the invention may be used in various other apparatuses, devices,systems and/or networks.

Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard,discussions utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing,”“computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “establishing”, “analyzing”,“checking”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) ofa computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or otherelectronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform datarepresented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within thecomputer's registers and/or memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computer's registersand/or memories or other information storage medium that may storeinstructions to perform operations and/or processes.

Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard,the terms “plurality” and “a plurality” as used herein may include, forexample, “multiple” or “two or more”. The terms “plurality” or “aplurality” may be used throughout the specification to describe two ormore components, devices, elements, units, parameters, or the like. Forexample, “a plurality of stations” may include two or more stations.

The performance of typical Internet applications like TCP, VoIP etc.suffers from the unreliable wireless communications. It has been shownthat one can achieve significant performance gain by improving thecommunication reliability at PHY and link layer. Hybrid Automatic RepeatreQuest (HARQ) is a physical layer (PHY) mechanism such as that shown as100 of FIG. 1, which is directed to achieving fast recovery fromwireless link errors. In case of packet error, HARQ performssoft-combing of retransmitted signals to correct the error, and thussignificantly reduces the delay to recover the corrupted packet comparedwith simple retransmission, e.g. ARQ. HARQ takes the form of eitherChasing Combining or Incremental Redundancy. For both, a laterretransmission is combined with previous transmissions and the packeterror probability decreases as more retransmissions are combined. Forexample, we consider chase combining in which HARQ always retransmit thesame copy of the packet and the multiple copies are combined to improvethe SINR. HARQ also enables fast feedback to further reduce the delayduring error recovery. For each packet, HARQ employs a “stop-and-wait”procedure until the packet is successfully delivered or eventuallydiscarded due to excessive number of failures.

The Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) of FIG. 1 may reside in upper MAClayer 105. It is designed to ensure in-order packet delivery and furtherenhance link-layer reliability via its own retransmission mechanism.Different from HARQ, ARQ does not perform combining of retransmissionpackets. Also ARQ feedbacks may be sent as regular MAC packets, whichare more reliable, carries more feedback information but incurs longerdelay and larger overheads. Due to such difference, ARQ is typicallyused with best-effort traffic that is delay-tolerant.

In a system with both ARQ and HARQ enabled, there is clearly someredundancy in the overlapped HARQ and ARQ retransmissions. Consider atransmitter in FIG. 2, its ARQ 205 retransmission may be triggeredbecause either its retransmission timer expires or it receives an ARQNACK. It is possible, after receiving an ARQ NACK, ARQ 205 starts itsown retransmission while HARQ 210 is still in the process of HARQretransmission (of the first copy ARQ layer transmits). On the otherhand, if ARQ 205 retransmission interval is too long just to avoid suchoverlapped HARQ/ARQ retransmissions, it will potentially lead to slowererror correction and lower throughput.

An embodiment of the present invention provides reducing ARQ 205overhead by coupling HARQ 210 and ARQ 205 feedback signaling. Thepreviously discussed redundancy issue can be avoided by replacing actualARQ 205 feedback transmissions with internal feedback signaling messagesgenerated from HARQ 210 layer. Such coupling requires system design tomaintain certain cross-layer resource mapping between HARQ 210 channeland ARQ 205.

An embodiment of the present invention provides enhanced HARQ feedbackreliability and efficiency. By coupling HARQ and ARQ, ARQ offers extrareliability over HARQ. Since HARQ feedbacks are not CRC protected, suchsignaling errors and residual HARQ error could still be too high forapplications (e.g. high data rate TCP transfers). In addition, currentWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)—it is understoodthat the present invention is not limited to WiMAX—uses the samemodulation (½ slot=24 tones for 1 ACK/NACK) for all HARQ feedbacks,which is not efficient when MSS channels or QoS requirements aredifferent. Thus, an embodiment of the present invention may definedifferent HARQ burst regions and allow different regions use differentHARQ feedback configurations based on channel quality or QoSrequirements.

Finally an ARQ ACK polling may be used to address the scenario of singleor last packet transmission, for which HARQ layer optimization may notapply.

Turning now to FIG. 3, shown generally as 300, the general framework ofcoupling HARQ (315 and 325) and ARQ (310 and 320) to reduce signalingoverheads is illustrated. Consider ACK first. As shown at 305, ARQ layerwill not transmit any ACK onto the air link. Instead, an internal ARQACK is triggered by HARQ layer when a packet is successfully delivered.An ARQ retransmission timer is optional in this context. Similarly forARQ NACK, an internal ARQ NACK may be generated when HARQ layer gives upretransmission process. ARQ then initiates MAC layer retransmissionprocess 330.

HARQ-ARQ coupling requires the system to maintain the following states.ARQ ACK and NACK carry much more information including ARQ BSN sequencenumber compared to the 1-bit HARQ ACK/NACK. At the sender side, toregenerate ARQ ACK/NACK from HARQ ACK/NACK, the sender must know themapping between ARQ BSN ranges and HARQ channels. For example, as shownin FIG. 4 at 400, ARQ needs to know HARQ's channel ACIDO contains ARQblocks in range.

HARQ feedbacks are more prone to errors compared to CRC protected ARQfeedbacks. There are two typical errors: ACK→NACK and NACK→ACK.Embodiments of the present invention may focus on NACK→ACK, as NACK→ACKleads to unreliable packet delivery and ACK→NACK only wastes resource.Typically NACK→ACK can be detected at the receiver side when a receiverreceives a new packet in a HARQ channel while expecting retransmissionof previous packet. On the other hand, an HARQ feedback channel shouldbe robust such that such error is unlikely to occur.

Currently, WiMAX may use ½ slot (24 tones) to carry 1-bit HARQ feedback(UL HARQ ACK channel). It is designed to ensure high reliability butnevertheless is too conservative and wasteful of resources, particularlyfor MS with very good channels. Further, with HARQ and ARQ coupling, theARQ receiver side may not be able to report any NACK→ACK unless ARQ NACKis sent. This translates to a very slow error recovery.

To remedy the aforementioned difficulties, an embodiment of the presentinvention may adaptively change the feedback channel according to MS'schannel quality and QoS requirement. For example, an embodiment of thepresent invention may categorize the following three HARQconfigurations:

1. Most efficient HARQ feedback channel, e.g., 1-bit ACK=¼ slot. This issuitable for those MS with good channels or tolerate to relative highloss ratio. If a MS has good channel, efficiency is achieved withoutsignificantly compromising reliability.

2. Regular HARQ feedback channel, e.g., 1-bit ACK=½ slot. This is thesame as current WiMAX.

3. Reliable HARQ feedback channel, e.g., 2-bits ACK=1 slot. The 1st bitcarries regular HARQ feedback information. The 2nd bit indicates whetheran NACK→ACK error is detected for the previous packet.

It is understood that the above categories are listed as representingexamples. One can for example also define 2-bit ACK=½ slot etc givendifferent requirements. In addition, DL HARQ ACK channel may be embeddedwith AI_SN field toggle in HARQ_CONTROL_IE. One can insert an extra bitin the IE but one can not change the coding rate, i.e., only regular ACKand option 3 above are available.

To arrange a mobile station (MS) to different categories may require ascheduler to consider detected link error, channel quality and QoS.Particularly for Category 3—reliable HARQ feedback channel, schedulingmay be difficult. In down-link HARQ feedback (or ACK) channel (notcurrently used in WiMAX), a base station (BS) may detect the NACK→ACKerror and schedule accordingly. For an up-link HARQ ACK channel, thescheduler does not have knowledge about NACK→ACK error, which isdetected at the MS. Therefore the BS may only rely on NACK→ACK errorhistory (if available), current channel quality and QoS requirement todetermine which HARQ category a connection should use.

The above features may be easily implemented in the current WiMAXframework. As illustrated in FIG. 5 at 500, HARQ DL/UL MAP IEs havereserved fields that can be used to indicate which category a HARQ burstis assigned. Different DL HARQ bursts can be arranged along withdifferent configurations in UL HARQ ACK.

Looking at FIG. 6 at 600 is an illustration of the BS initiatedadjusting UL HARQ feedback channel configuration, when detecting a poorHARQ ACK channel quality in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 6 provides a diagram showing how to ensure HARQ ACKchannel reliability by switching configurations and correct corruptedpacket if enforced by QoS requirements.

In an embodiment of the present invention there may be the following twocomplementary options. There is no major difference between NACK→ACK andACK→NACK as both indicate unreliable feedback channel.

FIG. 7, shown generally at 700, illustrates the UL HARQ feedback channelreconfiguration initiated by MSS ARQ NACK in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. When many NACK→ACK errors aredetected, MSS sends ARQ NACK to notify BS and BS may choose a morereliable HARQ feedback channel configuration for subsequenttransmissions. Note that QACH refers to “quick access channel,” which isspecially designed bandwidth request ranging channel, with specificranging codes can inform bandwidth request value directly. Thus it mayreduce request delay and overhead significantly.

FIG. 8 illustrates DL HARQ feedback IE reconfiguration by setting theextra bit to inform any NACK→ACK and ACK→NACK errors in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 illustrates reliable DLtransmission of single packet by polling ARQ ACK in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 illustrates reliable ULtransmission for single packet. BS triggers ARQ NACK and polls bandwidthrequest from MSS for retransmission in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. FIG. 11 illustrates ARQ buffer management inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Some embodiments of the present invention may separate NACK→ACK andACK→NACK only because data involved in the diagram are different inthese two cases. Procedures are fundamentally the same. With embodimentsof the present invention modifications of ARQ buffer management inHARQ-ARQ coupling may be accomplished. To efficiently support these newfeatures, ARQ layer may require minor changes.

Although not limited in this respect, an embodiment of the presentinvention further may address a special scenario: single packet or thelast packet of a stream. One example is TCP ACK. It is crucial toprovide reliable and fast delivery of TCP ACK to enhance TCP throughput.However, a 2-bit ACK scheme does not work for single packet scenario. Welose the extra reliability from enhance HARQ layer. One option is totrigger (for DL) or poll (for UL) a simple ARQ ACK after the packet is‘successfully’ delivered at HARQ layer. For a single packet thatrequires high reliability, ARQ ACK is simple and such overhead isjustified. Here again, BS may not exactly know whether the packet MSjust sends a single/last packet.

In FIG. 8 at 800 is plotted how HARQ and ARQ are combined to providereliable delivery for a single packet. The difference from an existingsystem is that HARQ and ARQ operations are closely coupled.

Second, ARQ buffer management may need some modification to handle 2-bitHARQ ACK. When sending ARQ receives an internally generated ARQ ACK, itshould not purge its buffer immediately as this ACK might come due toNACK→ACK error. Looking back at FIG. 6, a so-called “next-to-purge”pointer is applied to the standard sliding window, which points to thepreviously acknowledged but not yet purged ARQ BSN range. Theseconservative buffered data can be purged by some independent timer orsubsequent ACKs in the same HARQ ACID channel. When a 2-bit HARQ ACKchannel gives the information to correct NACK→ACK error, it may notcover all the scenarios, e.g., in the case of 1-bit UL HARQ channelbefore it can switch to 2-bit setting. It is therefore desired, to haveARQ NACK sent to help correct error QUICKLY because extra buffering timeleads to higher buffer/memory requirement. That is why we want to designquick access channel (QACH) to enable fast ARQ NACK transmission.

To facilitate QACH operation, it is desired to have a fixed ARQ ACK/NACKmessage. It is therefore necessary to design a simple format for ARQACK/NACK message and make ARQ BSN mapping to HARQ burst to be alwaysconsecutive for this purpose. For example, it may be the followingsimple format [CID/SF, NACK, BSN_start, BSN_END], although the presentinvention is not limited in this respect.

Current WiMAX design has independent ARQ and HARQ error-correctionstacks. It is common two layers are retransmitting the same packet, orHARQ tries to retransmit some packet that has been discard by ARQ. Theresource wasted on redundant retransmission and complicated/lengthy ARQACK messages lead to low MAC efficiency.

Coupling ARQ/HARQ operations significantly reduces the system overheadand redundancy. The coupling design also ensures fast error recovery.The designs of some embodiment of the present invention achieves thesebenefits without compromising the existing reliability of having twoerror-correction stacks, with the much lower cost of having only onelayer transmission/feedback on the air-link.

Some embodiments of the present invention may be implemented bysoftware, by hardware, or by any combination of software and/or hardwareas may be suitable for specific applications or in accordance withspecific design requirements. Embodiments of the invention may includeunits and/or sub-units, which may be separate of each other or combinedtogether, in whole or in part, and may be implemented using specific,multi-purpose or general processors or controllers, or devices as areknown in the art. Some embodiments of the invention may include buffers,registers, stacks, storage units and/or memory units, for temporary orlong-term storage of data or in order to facilitate the operation of aspecific embodiment.

Some embodiments of the invention may be implemented, for example, usinga machine-readable medium or article which may store an instruction or aset of instructions that, if executed by a machine, for example, by asystem, by a station, by a processor or by other suitable machines,cause the machine to perform a method and/or operations in accordancewith embodiments of the invention. An embodiment of the presentinvention may provide a machine-accessible medium that providesinstructions, which when accessed, cause a machine to perform operationscomprising reducing ARQ overhead by coupling HARQ and ARQ feedbacksignaling and defining different HARQ burst regions that enabledifferent regions to use different HARQ feedback configurations based onchannel quality or QoS requirements. Further, the machine-accessiblemedium may further comprise further instructions, which when accessed,cause a machine to perform operations further comprising replacingactual ARQ feedback transmissions with internal feedback signalingmessages generated from an HARQ layer.

Such machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform,computing platform, computing device, processing device, computingsystem, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may beimplemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software.The machine-readable medium or article may include, for example, anysuitable type of memory unit, memory device, memory article, memorymedium, storage device, storage article, storage medium and/or storageunit, for example, memory, removable or non-removable media, erasable ornon-erasable media, writeable or re-writeable media, digital or analogmedia, hard disk, floppy disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM),Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Re-Writeable (CD-RW),optical disk, magnetic media, various types of Digital Versatile Disks(DVDs), a tape, a cassette, or the like. The instructions may includeany suitable type of code, for example, source code, compiled code,interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, or thelike, and may be implemented using any suitable high-level, low-level,object-oriented, visual, compiled and/or interpreted programminglanguage, e.g., C, C++, Java, BASIC, Pascal, Fortran, Cobol, assemblylanguage, machine code, or the like.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention may provide a system,comprising a base station (BS); a mobile station (MS) operable tocommunicate with said base station (BS), wherein said mobile station isadapted to reduce ARQ overhead by coupling HARQ and ARQ feedbacksignaling and defining different HARQ burst regions that enabledifferent regions to use different HARQ feedback configurations based onchannel quality or QoS requirements

While certain features of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, andequivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is,therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended tocover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spiritof the invention.

1. An apparatus, comprising: a transceiver adapted to reduce ARQoverhead by coupling HARQ and ARQ feedback signaling and definingdifferent HARQ burst regions that enable different regions to usedifferent HARQ feedback configurations based on channel quality or QoSrequirements.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said transceiverreplaces actual ARQ feedback transmissions with internal feedbacksignaling messages generated from an HARQ layer.
 3. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein said HARQ is configured to be the most efficient HARQfeedback channel.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said HARQ isconfigured to be the regular HARQ feedback channel
 5. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein said HARQ is configured to be the most Reliable HARQfeedback channel.
 6. A method, comprising: reducing ARQ overhead bycoupling HARQ and ARQ feedback signaling and defining different HARQburst regions that enable different regions to use different HARQfeedback configurations based on channel quality or QoS requirements. 7.The method of claim 6, further comprising replacing actual ARQ feedbacktransmissions with internal feedback signaling messages generated froman HARQ layer.
 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising configuringsaid HARQ to be the most efficient HARQ feedback channel.
 9. The methodof claim 6, further comprising configuring said HARQ to be the regularHARQ feedback channel
 10. The method of claim 6, further comprisingconfiguring said HARQ to be the most reliable HARQ feedback channel. 11.A machine-accessible medium that provides instructions, which whenaccessed, cause a machine to perform operations comprising: reducing ARQoverhead by coupling HARQ and ARQ feedback signaling and definingdifferent HARQ burst regions that enable different regions to usedifferent HARQ feedback configurations based on channel quality or QoSrequirements.
 12. The machine-accessible medium of claim 11, furthercomprising further instructions, which when accessed, cause a machine toperform operations further comprising replacing actual ARQ feedbacktransmissions with internal feedback signaling messages generated froman HARQ layer.
 13. The machine-accessible medium of claim 11, furthercomprising further instructions, which when accessed, cause a machine toperform operations further comprising configuring said HARQ to be themost efficient HARQ feedback channel.
 14. The machine-accessible mediumof claim 11, further comprising further instructions, which whenaccessed, cause a machine to perform operations further comprisingconfiguring said HARQ to be the regular HARQ feedback channel
 15. Themachine-accessible medium of claim 11, further comprising furtherinstructions, which when accessed, cause a machine to perform operationsfurther comprising configuring said HARQ to be the most reliable HARQfeedback channel.
 16. A system, comprising: a base station (MS); amobile station (BS) operable to communicate with said base station (MS),wherein said mobile station is adapted to reduce ARQ overhead bycoupling HARQ and ARQ feedback signaling and defining different HARQburst regions that enable different regions to use different HARQfeedback configurations based on channel quality or QoS requirements.17. The system of claim 16, wherein said mobile station replaces actualARQ feedback transmissions with internal feedback signaling messagesgenerated from an HARQ layer.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein saidHARQ is configured to be the most efficient HARQ feedback channel. 19.The system of claim 16, wherein said HARQ is configured to be theregular HARQ feedback channel
 20. The system of claim 16, wherein saidHARQ is configured to be the most Reliable HARQ feedback channel.